Odontología sostenible y sustentable / Sustainable dentistry

Introducción: la periodontitis es una enfermedad infecciosa multifactorial asociada a un biofilm de microorganismos patógenos. Objetivo: el objetivo del trabajo fue establecer la prevalencia de Porphyromonas gingivalis en pacientes con periodontitis y relacionarla con la severidad de la enfermedad. Material y métodos: participaron 45 pacientes, sistémicamente saludables, con edades entre 35 y 65 años. El grado de periodontitis se definió según los criterios de Papapanou y colaboradores. Como grupo control, se incluyeron 20 sujetos de ambos sexos sin periodontitis y sin enfermedades sistémicas. Se tomaron muestras de fluido gingival en dos sitios más profundos. Porphyromonas gingivalis se detectó por PCR (reacción en cadena de la polimerasa). Resultados: la frecuencia relativa de periodontitis fue de 13.3% grado I, 46.7% grado II y 40% grado III. El sexo masculino presentó periodontitis grado III 72.2% y grado II 52.3%. El grado I se registró con mayor frecuencia en el sexo femenino, 66.7%. La prevalencia de Porphyromonas gingivalis en la población con periodontitis fue de 44.4%. Se obtuvieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grados de severidad de periodontitis y la presencia de Porphyromonas gingivalis (p = 0.0002, α = 5%). Conclusión: la periodontitis predominó en el sexo masculino. La prevalencia de Porphyromonas gingivalis en la población con periodontitis crónica fue de 44.4% y su presencia está relacionada con la severidad (AU)

Introduction: periodontitis is a multifactorial infectious disease associated with a biofilm of pathogenic microorganisms. Objective: the objective of the work was to establish the prevalence of Porphyromonas gingivalis in patients with periodontitis and relate it to the severity of the disease. Material and methods: 45 systemically healthy patients, aged between 35 and 65 years old, participated. The degree of periodontitis was defined according to the criteria of Papapanou et al. As a control group, 20 patients of both sexes without periodontitis and without systemic diseases were included. Gingival fluid samples were taken from two deeper sites. Porphyromonas gingivalis was detected by PCR (polymerase chain reaction). Results: the relative frequency of periodontitis was 13.3% grade I, 46.7% grade II and 40% grade III. The male sex presented periodontitis grade III 72.2% and grade II 52.3%. Grade I was recorded more frequently in the female sex, 66.7%. The prevalence of Porphyromonas gingivalis in the population with periodontitis was 44.4%. Statistically significant differences were obtained between the degrees of severity of periodontitis and the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis (p = 0.0002, α = 5%). Conclusion: periodontitis predominated in males. The prevalence of Porphyromonas gingivalis in the population with chronic periodontitis was 44.4% and its presence is related to severity (AU)

Preventive program based on multiple intelligences to promote oral health in disabled children from Chiclayo, Peru / Programa preventivo basado en inteligencias múltiples para promover la salud bucal en niños discapacitados de Chiclayo, Perú

Introduction: Children with physical disabilities often present deficient oral hygiene and eating habits that threaten optimal oral health. Objective: To evaluate the result of a preventive program based on multiple intelligences to pro-mote oral health care in children with physical disabilities in Chiclayo - Peru. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental, quan-titative, prospective and longitudinal study was carried out from the year 2020, to test a preventive intervention based on multiple intelligences (MI), comparing it with an intervention with traditional methodology, whose purpose was in both cases promote preventive oral health care in 167 boys and girls with physical disabilities from four Special Basic Education Centers (CEBES) in Chiclayo. For the pre- and post-test evaluation using a dental record of oral hygiene practices, oral hygiene index and dietary exposure to sugary carbohydrates, the Mann Whitney U test was required, with a confidence level of 95%. Results: After not very encouraging findings in the pretest for both groups, significant changes were observed in the posttest in favor of the IM-based program, for which 58% of schoolchildren registered an adequate oral hygiene index, 69.2% brushed twice to three times a day and that only 35.8% present regular exposure to carbohydrates. Statistical significance was evidenced in favor of the MI-based intervention for the three indicated variables (p= 0.000). Conclusions: The application of the IM-based program achieved better results in the significant promotion of oral hygiene practices with a favorable record of the IHO and by reducing the exposure to carbohydrates in a vulnerable population.Keywords: Health promotion; Oral health; Preventive dentistry; Health education; Children with disabilities.

Efecto del tratamiento de la morfología oclusal con materiales para restauraciones preventivas / Effect of treating occlusal morphology with materials for preventive restorations

Introducción: las fosas y fisuras son áreas formadas por delgadas irregularidades de la capa del esmalte de la superficie oclusal. La compleja morfología en dientes posteriores es un determinante biológico asociado al desarrollo de caries. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto de diversas formas de tratar la morfología oclusal en la adaptación y penetración de materiales utilizados en restauraciones preventivas. Material y métodos: diseño experimental e in vitro. Sesenta terceros molares fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente en dos grupos: surco sin ameloplastia y con ameloplastia; además, contaban con acondicionamiento del esmalte que se subdividió en tres subgrupos: 1) sellador de fosas y fisuras, 2) adhesivo/sellador de fosas y fisuras y 3) adhesivo/ resina Flow. Resultados: los subgrupos adhesivo/sellador y adhesivo/ Flow alcanzaron mayores valores de adaptación íntima a las paredes del surco. Las diferencias fueron significativas entre los materiales (p = 0.0009). Las mayores zonas de desadaptación resultaron para el sellador sin y con ameloplastia. La penetración de los materiales fue mayor en los surcos con ameloplastia. En los surcos tratados con ameloplastia, el adhesivo/Flow reveló el mayor porcentaje de penetración y la mejor adaptación a las paredes del surco. Conclusiones: la penetración del material está positivamente correlacionada con la profundidad del surco. El sellador con y sin ameloplastia mostró pobre adaptación a las paredes del surco (AU)

Introduction: pits and fissures are areas formed by fine irregularities in the enamel layer of the occlusal surface. The complex morphology in posterior teeth are biological determinants associated with the development of caries. Objective: to evaluate the effect of various ways of treating occlusal morphology on the adaptation and penetration of materials used in preventive restorations. Material and methods: experimental design, in vitro. Sixty third molars were randomly distributed into two groups: groove without ameloplasty and with ameloplasty, with enamel conditioning with three subgroups: 1) pit and fissure sealer, 2) adhesive/pit and fissure sealer, 3) adhesive/resin flow. Results: the adhesive/sealant and adhesive/flow subgroups reached higher values of intimate adaptation to the furrow walls. The differences were significant between the materials (p = 0.0009). The largest areas of maladjustment were found for the sealant without and with ameloplasty. The penetration of the materials was greater in the grooves with ameloplasty. In the grooves treated with ameloplasty, the adhesive/flow revealed the highest percentage of penetration and the best adaptation to the walls of the groove. Conclusions: the penetration of the material is positively correlated with the depth of the furrow. The sealant with and without ameloplasty showed poor adaptation to the sulcus walls (AU)

Bathroom Behaviors Regarding Oral Hygiene Items During COVID-19 Home Isolation: A Cross-Sectional Study in Southern Brazil

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe behaviors with oral hygiene items in single-bathroom households during the domiciliary isolation of individuals with positive 'Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction' (RTPCR+) in southern Brazil. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted with Research and Monitoring Sector of COVID-19 data from Palhoça, Brazil, of individuals aged ≥18 years, living in a singlebathroom household, who had an RT-PCR positive. A link of Google Forms was used. Socio-demographic information, characteristics during the home isolation, oral hygiene, and behaviors with oral hygiene items in the bathroom were collected. Descriptive stratified analyses according to age were conducted (<40 and ≥40 years). Results: Among 524 individuals, 36% were aged ≥40 years. During isolation, according to the behaviors with oral hygiene items in the household single-bathroom, 70% (95%CI 64.9-75.5) of the youngest participants reported sharing toothbrushes in the same container and 30% (95%CI 24.4-35.1) of the oldest; use of the same toothpaste was reported by 67% (95%CI 62.8-71.7) of the youngest and 33% (95%CI 28.337.3) of the oldest participants. For the outcome of sharing the same toothpaste, the chances for the youngest and the oldest to share the same toothbrush container was 11 times and 6 times more, respectively. Conclusion: The individuals related good oral hygiene habits; however, behaviors with oral hygiene items in the bathroom were neglected, especially by the younger individuals.

Oral Condition of Adolescents who Participated in an Oral Health Program During the First Decade of Life

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the oral health of adolescents who participated in an oral health preventive program during the first decade of life. Material and Methods: For the evaluation of dental caries and gingival condition, DMFT and Community Periodontal Index were used, both recommended by the World Health Organization. To verify the occurrence of dental fluorosis, the Dean index was used. Results: Data collection was obtained from 252 patients aged 12 to 16 years. The average DMFT index was 1.14; in relation to the gingival condition, the index of healthy gingival tissue prevailed and the average of this value was 84%, with code 0 being more registered in tooth 11, code 1, more frequently in teeth 16/17 and 36/37 and for last, code 2, in tooth 31 most frequently. Dean's index showed a percentage of 89% of patients without clinical signs of dental fluorosis. Conclusion: Adolescents participating in an oral health preventive program in the first decade of life exhibited very satisfactory results regarding the prevention of caries disease, healthy periodontal condition and reduced prevalence of dental fluorosis.

Prevención cuaternaria desde la visión odontológica / Quaternary prevention from a dental point of view

Introducción: El personal de salud debe comprender que el paciente es la figura central en el proceso salud-enfermedad, por lo que, para pro- teger su salud y atender de manera eficaz la enfermedad, se debe partir desde los principios básicos de prevención. La frase «prevenir es mejor que curar¼ debe ser considerada una máxima en salud y una metodología para atender enfermedades desde factores de riesgo, hacer partícipe a los pacientes y a la población en general a llevar a cabo estilos de vida saludables, con actividades preventivas que incrementen su importancia en la atención médica. Conclusiones: La prevención cuaternaria es una forma nueva para llamar al viejo principio de la medicina «lo primero es no hacer daño¼, que da origen al principio bioético de la no male- ficencia, este concepto se refiere a todas aquellas valoraciones que se deben hacer ante cualquier tipo de intervención diagnóstica, terapéutica y preventiva. Esto tiene especial importancia en la población sana, en la cual la prevención será siempre la mejor herramienta, pero se debe siempre tener presente la prevención cuaternaria (AU)

Introduction: Health personnel should understand that the patient is the central figure in the health-disease process and that to protect their health and effectively treat the disease starting from the basic principle of prevention. The phrase «prevention is better than cure¼ from being considered a maxim in health and a methodology to address diseases from risk factors, involving patients and the general population to carry out healthy lifestyles, with preventive activities that increase its importance in medical care. Conclusions: Quaternary prevention is a new way to call the old principle of medicine «first do no harm¼, which gives rise to the bioethical principle of non-maleficence, this concept refers to all those assessments that should be made before any type of diagnostic, therapeutic and preventive intervention. This is especially important in the healthy population, in which prevention will always be the best tool, but quaternary prevention should always be kept in mind (AU)

Comparación del desempeño técnico-asistencial en programas escolares con diferentes modalidades de implementación / Comparison of technical-assisstance performance in school programs with different implementation modalities

Se comparó el desempeño técnico-asistencial de 2 programas de atención odontológica con iguales protocolos de atención y diferente modalidad de implementación. Ambos programas se caracterizaron por un perfil preventivo-promocional; uso de protocolos validados según riesgo biológico, atención odontológica adaptada a sedes no convencionales, recursos asignados por método de necesidades; ejecución por recurso humano pre-profesional supervisado y modulación por altas. La modalidad de implementación difirió en la densidad/concentración de las actividades realizadas: en el Programa Extensivo (PE) las acciones se implementaron con frecuencia semanal; en el Programa Intensivo (PI) las acciones se concentraron en una semana en el año. Cobertura anual: PE = 120 escolares de 6 a 9 años de edad; PI = 180 escolares y preescolares de 3 a 12 años de edad. Se midió la cantidad de prestaciones, sesiones y tiempo -en minutos- hasta alcanzar el Alta Básica Operativa (ABO). Para comparar grupos (PI y PE) se utilizaron los tests: U de Mann Whitney, t de Student para mues-tras independientes, chi cuadrado y comparación de proporciones. La razón de prestaciones/sesión fue significativamente mayor (p=0,000) en el programa intensivo. El número de prestaciones hasta el alta (ABO) y la razón tiempo/sesión no mostraron diferencias entre programas (p=0,8 p=0,087), mientras que se evidenció una mayor razón tiempo/prestación y tiempo en alcanzar el alta (ABO) en la modalidad extensiva (p=0,000). La modalidad intensiva mostró mayor eficiencia en el desempeño técnico asistencial que la extensiva (AU)

Aim: To compare technical-care performance of 2 dental care programs with the same care protocols and different implementation modalities. Both programs shared the following features: preventive-promotional profile; use of validated clinical protocols according to biological risk, dental care adapted to non-conventional settings, allocation of resources by needs method; supervised pre-professional human resource and modulation by discharges. The implementation mode differed in the density/concentration of the activities: in the extensive program (EP) the actions were implemented on a weekly basis along the year; in the intensive program (IP) the actions were concentrated in one week in the year. Annual coverage of the programs: 180 schoolchildren and preschoolers (3 -12 years old); EP = 120 schoolchildren (6 - 9 years old). We measured the following variables: the number of dental services performed, the number of sessions and the time, in minutes, to reach the basic operating discharge (BOD). We used the following tests to compare groups (IP and EP): Mann Whitney U; Student's t for independent samples, chi square and comparison of proportions test. The action per session ratio was significantly higher (p=0.000) in the intensive program. The number of actions performed until discharge (BOD) and the time per session ratio did not show differences between programs (p=0.8 p=0.087). In the extensive mode, compared to intensive mode, it took longer to reach discharge (BOD) (p=0.000) The program implemented with intensive modality (PI) showed greater efficiency regarding technical-care performance when compared to the extensive mode (AU)

Methods for Caries Prevention in Children Reported by Dentists from a Brazilian Community

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the dental practice patterns related to caries prevention in children aged 6-18 years and associated factors. Material and Methods: Dentists (n=162) from Araraquara, Brazil, completed two paper questionnaires: (1) one about characteristics of their practice and their patient population; and (2) a translated version of the "Assessment of Caries Diagnosis and Caries Treatment" Questionnaire from the National Dental Practice-Based Research Network. Regression analyses were used for data analysis (p<0.05). Results: Dentists reported using in-office fluoride (IOF) and dental sealants (DS) in 74.2% and 45.1% of their pediatric patients, respectively. Regression analysis showed that female dentists (p=0.035 for DS; p=0.044 for IOF; p=0.011 for non-prescription fluoride rinse), those with advanced degrees (p=0.032 for prescription of fluoride), those who graduated from a private dental school (p=0.018 for chlorhexidine rinse), those who provided caries prevention regimens (p<0.001 for DS; p=0.004 for IOF; p=0.013 for non-prescription fluoride rinse), those with a greater percentage of patients interested in a caries prevention regimen (p=0.007 for non-prescription fluoride rinse), those working in a private practice model (p=0.047 for prescription of fluoride) were more likely to recommend some type of preventive methods to their pediatric patients. Conclusion: Dentists reported recommending IOF to most of their pediatric patients. Certain dentists', practices', and patients' characteristics were associated to some caries prevention regimens recommended by dentists.

Guideline on caries prevention and clinical practice for children under three years of age / 中华口腔医学杂志

Caries of children under 3 years old has such characteristics as early onset, multiple tooth involvement and rapid development. It may affect the mastication and digestive functions of the children, as well as oral and systemic development, and may become a risk factor for systemic diseases. In order to standardize the prevention and treatment of the caries of the infants and toddlers, to fully utilize the existing medical resources to prevent caries, to reduce the incidence rate and to increase the treatment rate, and to improve the oral health statuses of the infants and toddlers in China, the Society of Pediatric Dentistry and the Society of Preventive Dentistry of the Chinese Stomatological Association convened experts of pediatric dentistry and preventive dentistry from 19 universities and hospitals to conduct profound discussions on this topic, and finally developed the present guideline on diagnosis, prevention, clinical practice and effect evaluation for caries of children under 3 years old suitable to China's conditions.

Características orofaciais de indivíduos com mucopolissacaridoses: um estudo transversal pareado / Orofacial characteristics of individuals with mucopolysaccharidosis: a paired cross-sectional study

As mucopolissacaridoses (MPS) caracterizam-se por um grupo de doenças genéticas metabólicas raras, com manifestações multissistêmicas progressivas. Acarretam diversas alterações físicas, motoras e intelectuais. Dentre as alterações físicas, muitas estão presentes na face e na cavidade bucal. Na área odontológica ainda são poucos os estudos dedicados à MPS, sendo insuficientes as informações sobre as características orofaciais presentes nas pessoas acometidas por essa anomalia. O presente estudo objetivou identificar as características orofaciais de indivíduos com MPS e comparar com um grupo de indivíduos sem MPS. Foi realizado um estudo observacional transversal com uma amostra pareada de 14 indivíduos com MPS e 28 sem MPS, na faixa etária de 5 a 26 anos, pareados por sexo e idade. Os participantes com MPS e sem MPS são atendidos em dois hospitais públicos de Belo Horizonte, região sudeste do Brasil. Em ambos os grupos foi realizada a análise facial e a análise cefalométrica (medidas angulares e lineares). Além disso, também foram identificadas a presença ou ausência de alterações dentárias e maxilomandibulares por meio de radiografias panorâmicas. Previamente ao estudo principal, a examinadora passou pelo processo de calibração prática. Foram obtidos valores kappa entre 0,76 e 0,98. Para as variáveis cefalométricas, não foram observados erros sistemáticos significativos (p> 0,05). Os erros aleatórios para as medidas lineares e angulares foram baixos. A análise estatística entre os grupos foi realizada por meio do teste qui-quadrado e teste t independente. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. A média de idade dos 42 participantes foi de 13,9 anos (± 7,2). Em relação às alterações faciais e cefalométricas, observou-se que quando comparados com indivíduos sem MPS, a maioria dos indivíduos com MPS apresentou perfil dolicofacial, alteração nas proporções faciais, com aumento da altura facial anterior inferior (AFAI) e incompetência labial (todos p<0,05). Seis medidas angulares foram significativamente maiores entre os indivíduos com MPS: 1s.Na, 1s.NB, FMA, IMPA, AFI e Po.Or_Go.Me; todos p <0,05. Duas medidas angulares apresentaram-se significativamente reduzidas nos indivíduos com MPS: 1s.1i, Ba.N-Ptm.Gn; p <0,05. Quatro medidas lineares apresentaram-se aumentadas entre os indivíduos com MPS: 1s-NA, 1i-NB, S-UL e S-LL; todos p<0,05. E, cinco medidas lineares (PogN-Perp, Co-A, Co-Gn, Nfa-Nfp e overbite; todos p<0,05) apresentaram-se reduzidas entre os indivíduos com MPS. Em relação à presença/ausência de alterações dentárias e maxilomandibulares, observou-se que a presença de dentes supranumerários (p=0,003); dentes conóides (p = 0,009); taurodontismo (p<0,001); dentes impactados (p<0,001); dentes semi-inclusos (p=0,040); dentes inclusos (p=0,013); e dilaceração radicular (p=0,047) foi estatisticamente mais frequente nos indivíduos com MPS quando comparados aos sem MPS. Além disso, a presença de rarefação óssea/ lesão de furca óssea (p=0,032), hipoplasia condilar (p<0,001), lesões ósseas radiolúcidas (p=0,001) e cistos dentígeros (p=0,001) também foram mais frequentes em indivíduos com MPS. Conclui-se que a maioria dos indivíduos com MPS apresentou perfil dolicofacial com aumento da altura facial anteroinferior. Os indivíduos com MPS foram identificados com incisivos superiores e inferiores vestibularizados, espaço nasofaríngeo reduzido e overbite reduzido. A presença de alterações dentárias e maxilomandibulares também foram frequentes nos indivíduos com MPS, ressaltando assim a importância do conhecimento a cerca das manifestações clínicas orais e faciais que podem ser herdadas através da MPS, a fim de se realizar um atendimento odontológico preventivo e eficaz.

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) are characterized as a group of rare metabolic genetic diseases, with progressive multisystemic manifestations. There are several physical, motor and intellectual alterations. Among the physical alterations, many are presented in the face and oral cavity. In the the area of dentistry, there are still few studies dedicated to MPS, with insufficient information about the orofacial characteristics presented in individuals affected by this anomaly. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the orofacial features of individuals with Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) and to compare the characteristics of those individuals with a group of non-MPS individuals. A cross-sectional study was carried out with a paired sample of 14 MPS individuals and 28 non-MPS individuals between five and 26 years old matched for sex and age. Participants with and without MPS are patients attended at two public hospitals in Belo Horizonte, southeastern region of Brazil. Facial and cephalometric analysis (angular and linear measurements) was performed for both groups. Besides that, the presence/absence of dental and maxillomandibular alterations were assessed through panoramic radiographs. Prior to the main study, the examiner went through practical calibration process. Kappa scores for categorical variables obtained were 0.76 to 0.98. For the cephalometric variables, no systematic errors were observed (p>0.05). Random errors for linear and angular measurements were low. Statistical analysis between groups was performed by means of chi-square test and independent t test. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. The mean age of the 42 participants was 13.9 years (±7.2). Regarding facial and cephalometric measures, it was observed that when compared to non-MPS individuals, most MPS individuals were dolichofacial, with facial proportions alterations, increased ALFH, and no passive lip sealing (all p<0.05). Six angular measurements (1s.Na, 1s.NB, FMA, IMPA, AFI, and Po.Or_Go.Me; all p<0.05) were significantly increased among MPS individuals. Two angular measurements (1s.1i, Ba.N-Ptm.Gn; all p<0.05) were significantly decreased among MPS individuals. Four linear measurements were significantly increased among MPS individuals (1s-NA, 1i-NB, S-UL and S-LL; all p<0.05). Five linear measurements (PogN-Perp, Co-A, Co-Gn, Nfa-Nfp and overbite; all p<0.05) were significantly decreased among MPS individuals. It can be concluded that, most MPS individuals were dolichofacial with increased anterior lower facial height. MPS individuals also present pro-inclined upper and lower incisors, reduced nasopharyngeal space and reduced overbite. The presence of dental and maxillomandibular alterations were also more frequent in MPS individuals, highlighting the importance of the knowledge about the oral and facial clinical manifestations that can be inherited with the MPS disease, in order to provide preventive and effective dental care.

Adecuación del medio bucal: protocolo de odontopediatría de la UNIGRANRIO, RJ ­ Brasil / Adequação do meio bucal: protocolo da odontopediatria da UNIGRANRIO, RJ - Brasil / Adequacy of the buccal environment: Pediatric dentistry protocol used at UNIGRANRIO, RJ - Brazil

La adecuación del medio bucal consiste en un conjunto de medidas que apuntan a la disminución de los niveles de microorganismos cariogénicos presentes en la cavidad bucal, proporcionando la paralización del proceso carioso. Las medidas se aplican después del diagnóstico y antes del tratamiento restaurador definitivo, siendo considerada una etapa intermedia. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo discutir la adecuación del medio bucal, sus etapas y presentar el protocolo utilizado en la Clínica de Odontopediatría de la UNIGRANRIO, RJ Brasil.

A adequação do meio bucal consiste em um conjunto de medidas que visam a diminuição dos níveis de microorganismos cariogênicos presentes na cavidade bucal, proporcionando a paralisação do processo da doença cárie. As medidas são aplicadas após o diagnóstico e anteriormente ao tratamento restaurador definitivo, sendo considerada uma etapa intermediária. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo discutir a adequação do meio bucal, suas etapas e apresentar o protocolo utilizado na Clínica de Odontopediatria da UNIGRANRIO, Brasil

The adequacy of the oral environment consists of a set of measures aimed at reducing the levels of cariogenic microorganisms present in the oral cavity and arresting the caries disease process. These measurements are applied after the diagnosis but before the definitive restorative treatment; hence, being considered an intermediate step. The aim of this study was to discuss the adequacy of the oral environment, its stages and present the related protocol used in the Pediatric Dentistry Clinic of UNIGRANRIO, Brazil

Fisiopatologia da cárie dentária: entendendo o processo carioso / Physiopathology of the Dental Care: Understanding the Caries Process

Introdução: Cárie Dentária é o termo utilizado para caracterizar lesões em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento. Estes processos patológicos ocorrem nas superfícies dos dentes por meses ou até anos. Objetivo: Explorar a fisiopatologia da cárie dentária, para que os cirurgiões-dentistas entendam o processo carioso e possam escolher a melhor terapêutica. Metodologia: O estudo caracterizou-se por um levantamento bibliográfico, utilizando-se de artigos científicos indexados na base de dados PubMED/Medline, publicados no período dos últimos 5 anos. Foram consultados 7.918 trabalhos e, destes, 21 foram selecionados após criteriosa filtragem. Resultados e discussão: As lesões cariosas são resultados de um desequilíbrio fisiológico entre o conteúdo mineral do dente e os fluidos da cavidade oral, em que ­ através de reações metabólicas ­ provocam a queda do pH, contribuindo para a desmineralização. A cárie pode comprometer o esmalte, dentina e/ou cemento, podendo progredir à total destruição do dente. Conclusões: Em virtude disso, a fisiopatologia da cárie dentária é um fenômeno estudado por décadas e cada vez mais se sabe sobre os processos envolvidos. Compreendê-los, portanto, permite aos profissionais da área um embasamento necessário para que se possa escolher o manejo terapêutico mais adequado para cada caso.

Introduction: Dental Caries is the term used to characterize lesions in different stages of development. These pathological processes occur on tooth surfaces for months or even years. Objective: To explore the pathophysiology of dental caries, so that dental surgeons understand the carious process and can choose the best therapy. Methodology: The study was characterized by a bibliographic survey, using scientific articles indexed in the PubMED / Medline database, published in the last 5 years. A total of 7,918 papers were consulted and 21 were selected after careful filtering. Results and discussion: Carious lesions are the result of a physiological imbalance between the mineral content of the tooth and the oral cavity fluids, which - through metabolic reactions - cause the pH to drop, contributing to demineralization. Caries can compromise enamel, dentin and / or cementum and may progress to complete tooth destruction. Conclusions: Because of this, the pathophysiology of dental caries is a phenomenon studied for decades and is increasingly known about the processes involved. Understanding them, therefore, allows professionals in the area to have the necessary background to choose the most appropriate therapeutic management for each case.

Prevalence of facial trauma in contact sports practitioners in the Federal District of Brazil

Abstract Aims: The purpose of this study is to assess the prevalence of oral and dentoalveolar trauma among contact sports practitioners in the Federal District of Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted using a questionnaire developed specifically for this research regarding the occurrence of facial trauma, site of injuries, how they occurred, the approach is taken to solve the problem, and the use of several types of mouthguards. Data were analyzed using the SPSS 20.0 software, and the chi-square test (X2) was chosen to examine the differences between categorical variables. The results were considered statistically significant for p<0.05. Results: A total of 141 athletes were interviewed, with a prevalence of facial trauma of 65.2%, which was higher in professional athletes (71.1%). Lesions ranged from soft tissue lacerations to combined trauma; and the most frequent injuries were soft tissue laceration (53.3%), combined trauma (16.3%), and dental fracture (9.8%). Only 20.6% of the participants required treatment for related injuries. Regarding the use of mouthguards, 34% of the athletes reported regular use of this device, and Type II mouthguard was the most used (39.7%). Dentists participate in the process of production and dissemination of mouthguards in 17.1% and 10.5% of cases, respectively. Conclusion: The data showed that most athletes are not aware of the importance of using mouthguards. The dentist must be more present in the area of sports dentistry, both for awareness and production of these devices, which support the safe practice of contact sports.

Oral Health Status Among 12-Year-Old Schoolchildren in Kosovo

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the oral health status of 12-year-old schoolchildren in Kosovo. Material and Methods: The study involved 1204 schoolchildren aged 12 years from urban and rural areas, from different cities of Kosovo. The questionnaire included demographic data, gender, residence, dental status, oral hygiene, and daily brushing habits. The feasibility of the questionnaire was verified replicating it on 10% of the sample. Daily brushing habits were reported to frequency: as once per day, twice a day and rarely. Caries status was recorded in permanent dentition as DMFT and Oral Hygiene Index - Simplified (OHI-S) was used to assess oral hygiene status. The analysis included occurrences and means. The differences among means were tested using the student t-test (p<0.05). Results: The highest mean and standard deviation of DMFT and OHI-S index was found among rural schoolboys 3.67 ± 1.98 and OHI-S 1.75. In total sample, 54.1% of them brush their teeth only once a day, 39.7 % brush their teeth twice a day and only 6.2 % rarely brush their teeth. Conclusion: Preventive measures are needed to improve dental health in 12 years old schoolchildren.

Dispensing Device to Deliver Small and Standardized Amount of Fluoride Dentifrice on the Toothbrush

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of a dispensing device specially developed to standardize the amount of fluoride dentifrice to be delivered on the toothbrush. The amount and variability of dentifrice applied using this device were compared with recommendations to apply dentifrice amounts equivalent to "rice size" or "pea-size". Material and Methods: Two dentifrices, one used by children (NaF/Silica-based) and one used by the entire family (MFP/CaCO3-based), and five methods to apply them on the toothbrush (pea and rice sizes, and three different amounts using the developed device) were tested by 12 volunteers. The amount of dentifrice placed on the toothbrush was weighed, and the experiment was repeated three times. Data were analyzed by two-way ANOVA and Tukey test. Results: No differences were observed between the dentifrices used (p>0.05), but the method of application significantly affected the amount of dentifrice applied (p<0.05). Smaller amounts (p<0.05) and less variability were observed when the volunteers used the dispenser device than when they were asked to apply a pea or rice size. Conclusion: The device can help parents and caregivers to safely use fluoride dentifrice on children.

Prevalência de oclusopatias em jovens de 12 anos de idade: impactos físicos, sociais e emocionais / Prevalence of malocclusions in 12-year-olds: physical, social and emotional impacts

As oclusopatias representam um importante problema de saúde pública por apresentarem alta prevalência, possibilidade de prevenção, tratamento e promoverem prejuízos significantes na qualidade de vida dos indivíduos acometidos. Assim, torna-se fundamental a realização de estudos que investiguem a distribuição, a severidade e as consequências das oclusopatias em diferentes populações, visando contribuir para o desenvolvimento de estratégias e políticas públicas que minimizem a instalação e o agravamento das oclusopatias. Entretanto, nota-se que não há consenso sobre qual índice de oclusopatias melhor se adequa para a realização de estudos epidemiológicos, oferecendo critérios completos para classificar a presença, severidade e a necessidade de tratamento ortodôntico. Nesse contexto, a presente pesquisa teve como objetivos: realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre os índices de oclusopatias e analisar suas aplicações na saúde pública; e investigar a prevalência, severidade e necessidade de tratamento das oclusopatias e seus impactos na qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal em adolescentes de 12 anos de idade. A revisão incluiu trabalhos nacionais e internacionais publicados nas bases de dados Pubmed, SciELO, Web of Science, Scopus, Bireme e Embase. A busca nas bases de dados considerou o período de 1899 a 2019 e utilizou os seguintes termos: saúde pública, métodos epidemiológicos, índices, levantamentos epidemiológicos, odontologia preventiva, maloclusão, oclusopatias e ortodontia. Foram incluídas publicações sobre o desenvolvimento e uso de índices de oclusopatias em estudos clínicos e epidemiológicos, sem restrições de metodologia e linguagem. Os títulos e resumos dos artigos encontrados foram avaliados e as versões completas das publicações elegíveis foram obtidas para leitura e análise. Cinquenta e dois índices e suas variações foram identificados e, desses, a maioria destinava-se a avaliações individuais, portanto sua utilização em saúde pública foi dificultada pelos requisitos de sua aplicação, como a necessidade de especialistas, análise de modelos de gesso, exames complementares como radiografias cefalométricas e fotografias, equipamentos específicos, necessidade de acompanhamento longitudinal dos casos, e avaliações exclusivamente objetivas ou subjetivas. Os índices apresentaram aspectos positivos ao analisarem parcialmente as condições físicas, funcionais, psicológicas e sociais, entretanto, ainda é um desafio encontrar um índice unânime para avaliação da necessidade de tratamento ortodôntico e os impactos das oclusopatias sobre a qualidade de vida dos indivíduos, com aplicabilidade em saúde pública. A segunda etapa desta pesquisa consistiu em um estudo observacional, transversal, analítico, do tipo inquérito, realizado com 453 adolescentes de 12 anos, matriculados em escolas públicas do município de Araçatuba-SP. A oclusão foi avaliada por meio do Índice de Estética Dental (DAI), enquanto o Child Perceptions Questionnaire11-14 (CPQ11-14) foi utilizado para avaliar a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal. Os escores do CPQ11-14 foram comparados de acordo com o sexo e presença de oclusopatia por meio do teste de Mann-Whitney. A análise segundo a severidade da oclusopatia foi realizada por meio do teste de Kruskal-Wallis. A correlação entre a severidade da oclusopatia e a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal foi avaliada com base nos resultados dos escores do DAI e do CPQ11-14 por meio do teste de correlação de Spearman. A prevalência de oclusopatia definida ou superior foi de 53,86%, enquanto a oclusopatia muito grave ou incapacitante foi observada em 18,76% dos adolescentes. Houve correlação positiva significativa (r = 0,7006; p <0,0001) entre os escores do DAI e do CPQ11-14. Adolescentes com oclusopatias apresentaram escores totais do CPQ11-14, assim como escores dos domínios bem-estar emocional e social, significativamente maiores (p <0,05) comparados àqueles sem oclusopatia. O escore total do CPQ11-14 foi significativamente maior (p = 0,0251) nos adolescentes do sexo feminino (16,91 + 10,52) em relação aos do sexo masculino (14,61 + 9,70). A presença de oclusopatias foi elevada, com predomínio de oclusopatias classificadas como definidas, e com necessidade de tratamento eletivo. Essa condição impactou negativamente a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde bucal dos adolescentes, principalmente os aspectos emocionais e sociais. O impacto das oclusopatias em diferentes aspectos da qualidade de vida deve ser considerado na elaboração de estratégias de diagnóstico e tratamento(AU)

Malocclusion represents an important public health problem because it has a high prevalence, possibility of prevention, treatment and promotes significant losses in the life of affected individuals. Thus, it is essential to carry out studies that investigate the distribution, severity and consequences of malocclusions in different populations, aiming to contribute to the development of strategies and public policies that minimize the installation and aggravation of malocclusions. However, it is noted that there is no consensus on which rate of malocclusion is best suited to carry out epidemiological studies, offering complete criteria to classify the presence, severity, and the need for orthodontic treatment. In this context, the present research had as objectives: to carry out a literature review on the rates of malocclusion and to analyze its applications in public health; and to investigate the prevalence, severity and need for treatment of malocclusions and their impact on oral health-related quality of life in 12-year-old adolescents. The review included national and international works published in the databases Pubmed, SciELO, Web of Science, Scopus, Bireme and Embase. The search in the databases considered the period from 1899 to 2019 and used the following terms: public health, epidemiological methods, indexes, epidemiological surveys, preventive dentistry, malocclusion, and orthodontics. Publications on the development and use of malocclusion indexes were included in clinical and epidemiological studies, without restrictions on methodology and language. The titles and abstracts of the articles found were evaluated and the full versions of the eligible publications were obtained for reading and analysis. Fifty-two indices and their variations were identified and, of these, most were intended for individual evaluations, therefore their use in public health was hampered by the requirements of their application, such as the need for specialists, analysis of plaster models, complementary exams such as cephalometric radiographs and photographs, specific equipment, the need for longitudinal monitoring of cases, and exclusively objective or subjective evaluations. The indices showed positive aspects when partially analyzing physical, functional, psychological and social conditions, however, it is still a challenge to find a unanimous index to assess the need for orthodontic treatment and the impacts of malocclusions on the quality of life of individuals, with applicability in public health. The second stage of this research consisted of an observational, cross-sectional, analytical, survey-type study carried out with 453 12- year-old adolescents enrolled in public schools in the city of Araçatuba-SP. Occlusion was assessed using the Dental Aesthetics Index (DAI), while the Child Perceptions Questionnaire11-14 (CPQ11-14) was used to assess oral health-related quality of life. The scores of CPQ11-14 were compared according to gender and presence of malocclusion using the Mann-Whitney test. The analysis according to the severity of the malocclusion was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The correlation between the severity of malocclusion and oral health-related quality of life was assessed based on the results of the DAI and CPQ11-14 scores using the Spearman correlation test. The prevalence of defined or higher malocclusion was 53.86%, while very severe or disabling malocclusion was observed in 18.76% of adolescents. There was a significant positive correlation (r = 0.7006; p <0.0001) between the DAI and CPQ11-14 scores. Adolescents with malocclusions had total CPQ11-14 scores, as well as scores in the emotional and social well-being domains, significantly higher (p <0.05) compared to those without malocclusion. The total score of CPQ11-14 was significantly higher (p = 0.0251) in female adolescents (16.91 + 10.52) compared to male adolescents (14.61 + 9.70). The presence of malocclusions was high, with a predominance of malocclusions classified as defined, and in need of elective treatment. This condition had a negative impact on the quality of life related to the adolescents' oral health, especially the emotional and social aspects. The impact of malocclusions on different aspects of quality of life must be considered when developing diagnostic and treatment strategies(AU)

Methods for caries prevention in adults among dentists from a brazilian community

Little is known about dental practice patterns of caries prevention in adults among Brazilian dentists. Aim: To quantify procedures used for caries prevention for adult patients among dentists from a Brazilian community. Methods: Dentists (n=197) who reported that at least 10% of their patients are more than 18 years old participated in the first Brazilian study that used a translated version of the "Assessment of Caries Diagnosis and Caries Treatment" from the U.S. National Dental Practice-Based Research Network. A questionnaire about characteristics of their practice and patient population were also completed by the dentists. Generalized linear regression models and a hierarchal clustering procedure were used (p<0.05). Results: In-office fluoride application was the preventive method most often reported. The main predictors for recommending some preventive agent were: female dentist (dental sealant; in-office fluoride; non-prescription fluoride) and percentage of patients interested in caries prevention (dental sealant; in-office fluoride; non-prescription fluoride). Other predictors included private practice (dental sealant), percentage of patients 65 years or older (in-office fluoride), graduation from a private dental school (non-prescription fluoride), years since dental school graduation (chlorhexidine rinse) and using a preventive method (recommending sealant/fluoride/chlorhexidine rinse/sugarless, xylitol gum). Cluster analysis showed that dentists in the largest subgroup seldom used any of the preventive agents. Conclusion: Dentists most often reported in-office fluoride as a method for caries prevention in adults. Some practitioner, practice and patients' characteristics were positively associated with more-frequent use of a preventive agent